دانشگاه اصفهان فنون ادبی 20088027 6 1 2014 07 23 From Tavarod to Plagiarism «از توارد تا سرقت ادبی» 61 70 19712 FA سید جواد مرتضایی دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد 0000-0009-0009-0009 Journal Article 2016 06 14 “Plagiarism” has been one of the important subjects in the field of  literary criticism and argued in the press and meetings from past till now. Today, there isn't any day and month that will go by without seeing a case in this field being  presented or claimed in books, journals or newspapers. However, thanks to the expanse of operation and wide scope of the Judiciary, mentioned claims are studied in Judicial courts as well (you can just search “Plagiarism” in Google search engine, and then you will encounter with hundred different pages on this subject). In countries that they have copyright rule, this subject is taken into account seriously and if someone adapts a subject or extracts some text from another one's, without mentioning its reference, he will be punished firmly in accordance with rules and regulations. Despite the importance of this subject in literary criticism, unfortunately it is not considered as it deserves in our country. Regardless of definition and categorization of Plagiarism by rhetoricians, there is disagreement for making decision whether a Plagiarism is happened or it is some other cases such as Tavarod (occurrence of one thought in two persons' minds) or Intertextuality. Considering the fact that contents and concepts are common between people in every inches of our planet, it is so hard to determine and prove that someone is innovator and creator of concept or content and if someone else uses the same content, he is copying the original creator. We know that sometimes the same word or phrase comes to the minds of two persons accidentally, so accusing somebody of plagiary should be done with care and comprehensive study and it should be provable. In other words, definition of Plagiarism boundaries based on rate of uniformity and similarity of terms and concepts of two works is very hard and the border between plagiarism and Tavarod is very narrow and skeptical. <br />  سرقت ادبی از دیرباز تا امروز، در متون بلاغی و مباحث نقد ادبی، به انواعی تقسیم شده است و افزون بر آن بحثی دربارۀ تأثیرپذیری شاعران از یکدیگر و توارد به میان آمده است. به نظر می‌رسد، جز مورد «نسخ و انتحال» که با اطمینان بیشتری می‌توان ذیل عنوان سرقت ادبی بررسی و طرح کرد، در بقیۀ موارد، چون نمی‌توان موضوع سرقت را اثبات کرد، باید بیشتر به تأثر و توارد و نقش ضمیر ناخودآگاه توجه داشت. در این مقاله، افزون بر نقل و بررسی نمونه‌هایی از تشابهات تام یا نسبی برخی متون از مقولۀ تأثرات و توارد یا نقلِ ناخودآگاهانه، بعضی سرقت­های ادبی و آرا و نظریات برخی منتقدان ادبی و اهل بلاغت، پیشنهادهایی دربارۀ نوع قضاوت و داوری هنگام مواجه شدن با تشابه متون با یکدیگر، به هر شکل و اندازه، ارائه شده است. https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_19712_6b6a2132c6ace07b6595cc46ccddab5b.pdf