University of Isfahan Literary Arts 20088027 8 3 2016 09 22 Cooperative rhetoric question in contemporary Persian literature Cooperative rhetoric question in contemporary Persian literature 119 136 20578 10.22108/liar.2016.20578 FA Mostafa Dashti Ahangar Journal Article 2013 05 05 Ma'ani as a field of rhetoric in Persian literature has so many things to be revealed. In fact, this field of literature is trying to explain the secondary meaning (connotation) of sentences. From ancient times, ma'ani is explained based on Arabic literature and only in recent times we have had some books on this literary science and on the basis of Persian literature. Hereupon we need some modern studies in this field of literature. One of the issues studied in the traditional rhetoric, is rhetoric question. Sirus Shamisa has counted 28 functions for question sentences. In this paper, In addition to these 28 functions another function is cited for rhetorical questions which are called "cooperative rhetoric question". These kind of rhetoric questions are often seen in new literary texts because these texts in a conscious way and more than the past times try to share the readers in defining texts. In other words, these sentences gave a reader-based property to the text and in this way the text is released from the author's domination. The important matter is that since the text has a coherent universality, for answering these kind of questions the reader requires an understanding of the text system. And traditional rhetoric is commonly incapable in understanding such a system. In linguistics, afterwards Saussure, it was debated that signs find their meaning in a system and the meaning and life of signs depends on the system which lives in; sign is only an analytic concept. (Sojudi, 1387/2008:198) Therefore in literature and also in ma'ani, the meaning which can be inferred from different sentences is subordinated to different systems: system which include these sentences (literary text), the literary system in which the text is embodied, the cultural system in which the text is embodied and etc. However our important focus point are those systems in which the text reader interpret the signs; systems like cultural system, meta-functional system, time and place system ant etc. And in this way different readers may infer different meanings from the same signs. This paper shows the history of such a discussion in linguistic studies and in literary discussions figure on poststructuralists' perspectives. In Drida's view, in reading a text some special relations should be inferred that are not stated by the author; relations among those he expects from its language and unexpected ones. In current era, and especially after structuralism, most of the approaches to the texts has formed based on the reader's role in perceiving and creating meaning. For example, in reception theory perspective, each literary work with every rate of cohesion has some gaps that the reader should solve them. These findings roots in the views of poststructuralists like Drida. Drida is not believed in semantic signification and logocenterism (discourse-base logic). Poststructuralists believe that the reader creates meaning and the center of gravity should be searched in his relation with the text not in author's personality. Regardless of some exceptions, in Persian literature whatever the texts come closer to old literature, their gaps is less and usually the tone of the text creator can be heard and there is no place for sharing the reader in the process of literary creation. Most of the question sentences in literature are cliché sentences in which not only the text goal in questioning is not question but also it want to dictate something on the reader (its outstanding example is rhetoric question). In current era and after poets and writers' acquaintance with new and modern thoughts, we can recognize the change and evolution of literary texts from monophony to polyphony. In this era, whatever the texts come closer to modern thought, the reader has more time in sharing the process of producing and perceiving the literary text. In addition to modern thought, lack of autocratic thought and attitude, there is another factor that it can be also effective in creating polyphony texts. For example it seems that in current Persian literature, the texts created by women writers have more aspects of polyphony techniques. Basically, in a formal point of view, there is no place for this kind of approach and stating cooperative rhetoric question in old Persian poem because old poem/poetry forms in horizontal axis and in comparison with new poems has no general coherent structure whilst the design of this question is performed in a general structure. In current literature, the question sentences are seen as a capability that can create plots or gaps in the text. These questions may be answered in different ways by the readers. Here we will study those question sentences which are inserted in the text for general goal of "sharing reader in perceiving artistic work". These sentences are the outstanding aspect of reader's role in literal text perception and its unique property is that: submitting authorities to the reader consciously by the literal text is not the property of old literature. Finally some samples of cooperative rhetoric question in current literature will be presented. It should be noted that the goal of these samples is to be more familiar with the subject matter and not the analysis of current literal texts; because it needs more time and study. Ma'ani as a field of rhetoric in Persian literature has so many things to be revealed. In fact, this field of literature is trying to explain the secondary meaning (connotation) of sentences. From ancient times, ma'ani is explained based on Arabic literature and only in recent times we have had some books on this literary science and on the basis of Persian literature. Hereupon we need some modern studies in this field of literature. One of the issues studied in the traditional rhetoric, is rhetoric question. Sirus Shamisa has counted 28 functions for question sentences. In this paper, In addition to these 28 functions another function is cited for rhetorical questions which are called "cooperative rhetoric question". These kind of rhetoric questions are often seen in new literary texts because these texts in a conscious way and more than the past times try to share the readers in defining texts. In other words, these sentences gave a reader-based property to the text and in this way the text is released from the author's domination. The important matter is that since the text has a coherent universality, for answering these kind of questions the reader requires an understanding of the text system. And traditional rhetoric is commonly incapable in understanding such a system. In linguistics, afterwards Saussure, it was debated that signs find their meaning in a system and the meaning and life of signs depends on the system which lives in; sign is only an analytic concept. (Sojudi, 1387/2008:198) Therefore in literature and also in ma'ani, the meaning which can be inferred from different sentences is subordinated to different systems: system which include these sentences (literary text), the literary system in which the text is embodied, the cultural system in which the text is embodied and etc. However our important focus point are those systems in which the text reader interpret the signs; systems like cultural system, meta-functional system, time and place system ant etc. And in this way different readers may infer different meanings from the same signs. This paper shows the history of such a discussion in linguistic studies and in literary discussions figure on poststructuralists' perspectives. In Drida's view, in reading a text some special relations should be inferred that are not stated by the author; relations among those he expects from its language and unexpected ones. In current era, and especially after structuralism, most of the approaches to the texts has formed based on the reader's role in perceiving and creating meaning. For example, in reception theory perspective, each literary work with every rate of cohesion has some gaps that the reader should solve them. These findings roots in the views of poststructuralists like Drida. Drida is not believed in semantic signification and logocenterism (discourse-base logic). Poststructuralists believe that the reader creates meaning and the center of gravity should be searched in his relation with the text not in author's personality. Regardless of some exceptions, in Persian literature whatever the texts come closer to old literature, their gaps is less and usually the tone of the text creator can be heard and there is no place for sharing the reader in the process of literary creation. Most of the question sentences in literature are cliché sentences in which not only the text goal in questioning is not question but also it want to dictate something on the reader (its outstanding example is rhetoric question). In current era and after poets and writers' acquaintance with new and modern thoughts, we can recognize the change and evolution of literary texts from monophony to polyphony. In this era, whatever the texts come closer to modern thought, the reader has more time in sharing the process of producing and perceiving the literary text. In addition to modern thought, lack of autocratic thought and attitude, there is another factor that it can be also effective in creating polyphony texts. For example it seems that in current Persian literature, the texts created by women writers have more aspects of polyphony techniques. Basically, in a formal point of view, there is no place for this kind of approach and stating cooperative rhetoric question in old Persian poem because old poem/poetry forms in horizontal axis and in comparison with new poems has no general coherent structure whilst the design of this question is performed in a general structure. In current literature, the question sentences are seen as a capability that can create plots or gaps in the text. These questions may be answered in different ways by the readers. Here we will study those question sentences which are inserted in the text for general goal of "sharing reader in perceiving artistic work". These sentences are the outstanding aspect of reader's role in literal text perception and its unique property is that: submitting authorities to the reader consciously by the literal text is not the property of old literature. Finally some samples of cooperative rhetoric question in current literature will be presented. It should be noted that the goal of these samples is to be more familiar with the subject matter and not the analysis of current literal texts; because it needs more time and study.

https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_20578_6812e1b75a96d03eaf3319823a87415a.pdf