دانشگاه اصفهان فنون ادبی 20088027 6 2 2014 11 22 Abstract of interjection and vocative position in Persian grammar and semantics جایگاه «ندا و منادا» در دستور زبان فارسی و علم معانی 1 14 21204 FA حسین آقاحسینی استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه اصفهان 0000-0009-0009-0009 محبوبه همتیان دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه اصفهان زهره مشاوری دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه اصفهان Journal Article 2012 07 20 Vocative is a role that noun accepts it and usually used in Persian language with interjection letters i.e. "Ey", "Ya" and "Alef" that is attached to the end of the noun. By combining the definitions that have been mentioned for vocative in grammar books, it can be concluded that vocative is a noun that is addressed; whether it is a real address or figurative. The verbal symbol of vocative is "Ey" and its synonyms in sentence that sometimes these symbols are deleted from sentence and the change of word's song is replaced it. Vocative and more precisely the core of vocative may be deleted from the sentence. Vocative deletion in sentence is among problems that grammarians have paid less attention to it in vocative subject. In a general overview, vocative can be divided into two mentioned and deleted sectors.When vocative is mentioned in sentence it can be explicit or ironic name but deleted vocative includes following types: <br />1. Some cases that participle or interpretable phrase to participle is used after the interjection letter (Ey) that sometimes in this case the conjunction letter "Ke" is used after the interjection letter, for example: <br />Ey ke dar koshtan-e ma hich modara nakoni <br />Soud-o sarmaye besouzi-o mohaba nakoni  (Hafez, 1990: 340) <br />And sometimes it has been used without "Ke", for example:                              <br />Ey az banafshe sakhte bar gol mesalha <br />Dar aftab karde ze anbar kolalha (Sanaei, 2001: 801) <br />2. Some cases that speaker pronouns of "I" and "We" are used after the interjection letter "Ey" and the phrase after the letter "Ey" can be totally considered as an adjective for the deleted core of vocative, for example:        <br />    Narges kereshme mibarad az had boroun khoram <br />Ey man faday-e shive-ye chashme siyah-e to (Hafez, 1990: 284) <br />In Persian texts, some evidences are also found that the letter "Ey" is not used for addressing in them.In the structure of these types, no vocative has been mentioned in the sentence and deleted vocative cannot be distinguished but interjection can be considered as some particles to express surprise or wish, for example: <br />Doush ba simin senobar dar nahan sar dashtam to express surprise: <br />Ey khosh an yadi ke ba simin senobar dashtam (Amir Moezi, 2006: 423) <br />Dar shahr-o dar biaban hamrah-e an mahimtowish: <br />Ey jan gholam-o bande-ye an mah-e khosh-legha (mawlavi, 1997: 66) <br />In rhetorical books under the semantics topics, exclamatory sentences are classified as composition seeking types that like other sentences, the secondary intentions and meanings have been mentioned for them. One of the topics that have been considered less in these sentences is the secondary meaning separation of interjection and vocative as a quasi–independent sentence of a written sentence after it. Meanings derived from sentences and phrases with interjection and vocative are something that is considered as secondary meanings for this type of sentence. However, its secondary meanings independent of sentences and phrases after it must be proposed and considered because interjection and vocative is sentence fragment. for example: <br />Hezar bar begoftim-o hich dar nagereft <br />Ke gerd-e eshgh nagard ey faghir-o gardidi (sa’di, 1987: 441) <br /> If the addressee is called by the word "poor", it means his poverty and incapacity to enter the world of love and in other words it has a sense of humiliation. Although the secondary intention of the predicative sentence stated in this verse, chastise and rebuke are found; this problem is true in different types of vocative that has been mentioned in the first part of the study; For example, in the following verse, vocative is the word of someone who is deleted in the sentence: <br />Ey ke dar koshtan-e ma hich modara nakoni <br />Soud-o sarmaye besouzi-o mohaba nakoni (Hafez, 1990: 340) <br /> This sentence vocative is justified as "Ey Kase dar koshtane ma'a hich modara nakonandeh", so it is the adjective followed by the vocative word and play the vocative role, it has the specific connotation of imploration for mercy, however, the later sentence has the secondary intention of rebuke and chastise. By considering vocatives made by the letter "Ey", according to the suggestive classification in the grammatical part of the present study, the deleted and mentioned types of vocatives in the secondary intentions can be considered. But in most evidences, the secondary intention that is found through the integration of interjection and vocative had coordinated with the secondary intention of its following sentence and both of them have been mentioned to express a total concept and their secondary intentions are conceptually close to each other. <br /><strong> </strong> در همه کتابهای بلاغی عربی و فارسی «جمله ­های ندا» از نوع انشاء طلبی شمرده شده است و به صرف ذکر حرف «ندا» یا حرف «ندا و منادا» و یا وجود آهنگ و لحن «ندایی» در یک جمله، آن را انشاء طلبی به شمار آورده و دارای معانی و مقاصد ثانوی دانسته­اند. مبحث ندا در زبان، موضوعی قابل تأمل است و با بررسی شواهد مشخص می­شود، ندا اقسامی دارد که نمی­توان برای همة آنها حکم واحدی صادر کرد؛ زیرا هر کدام ویژگی های خاصی دارد که هم از جهت قواعد دستور زبان فارسی و هم از جهت مقاصد ثانوی نیازمند تأمل و بررسی است. در این گفتار ابتدا اقسام ندا با تکیه بر دستور زبان فارسی دسته­بندی می­شود و با توجه به ویژگی های هر یک پیشنهادهایی در این تقسیم بندی مطرح می­گردد؛ سپس با توجه به بار معنایی هر یک دربارة مقاصد ثانوی آن نیز مطالبی ارائه می­شود. در این مقاله کوشش شده ­است به پرسشهای زیر پاسخ مناسبی داده شود.<br /> 1- آیا حروفی مانند «ای»، «یا» و «ا» که برای ندا به کار می­رود همواره حرف ندا به شمار می­آید؟ <br /> 2- آیا در زبان فارسی اقسام متفاوتی برای منادا وجود دارد؟<br /> 3- آیا براساس تعریف ندا در کتب بلاغی، همواره لفظ «ندا» و «منادا» دارای مقاصد ثانوی است یا این مقاصد بر اساس جملات پس از ندا مشخص می­شود؟ https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21204_d38aca3c44b4018410737a9d9649ef52.pdf