دانشگاه اصفهان فنون ادبی 20088027 17 1 2025 03 21 Introduction and Analysis of the Linguistic Features of the Manuscript Version of Masnavi Zinat-ol-Anjoman by Mirza Hasan Kafash Isfahani معرفی و بررسی ویژگی‌های زبانی نسخة خطی مثنوی زینت‌الانجمن اثر میرزا حسن کفّاش اصفهانی 47 72 29054 10.22108/liar.2024.142584.2403 FA حمید عصارزادگان دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دهاقان، دهاقان، ایران 0009-0004-7213-8911 مریم محمودی دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دهاقان، دهاقان، ایران حمیدرضا قانونی استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 08 28 Zinat-ol-Anjoman is a Masnavi comprising two thousand verses that praise the Prophet and the Imams, along with elegies dedicated to Imam Hussain. This work is attributed to Mirza Hasan Kafash Isfahani, a poet from the 13th-century revival period. Regrettably, there is a lack of reliable biographical sources regarding his life and neither the lists of Persian manuscripts nor any known manuscripts have mentioned Zinat-ol-Anjoman. Only one of the two existing copies of Kafash’s Diwan—the version held in Ayatollah Golpayegani's library—begins with this Masnavi. This article first examined the bibliographic features of Zinat-ol-Anjoman using a descriptive-analytical method and library research and then analyzed the linguistic aspects of the work. Kafash Isfahani drew inspiration from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in crafting this Masnavi. His poetry was characterized by simplicity and fluency, avoiding unfamiliar or complex vocabulary. Instances of archaic words and Arabic phrases were minimal in his Diwan and the vernacular interpretations and expressions he employed connected his poetry to the everyday language of ordinary people and those in the bazaar.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords</strong><em>:</em> Return Period, Manuscript, Zinat-ol-Anjoman, Masnavi, Mirza Hasan Kafash Isfahani.  <br /> <br /><strong>Introduction   </strong><br />Mirza Hasan Kafash Isfahani is a notable poet from the 13^th century Hijri, who resided in Isfahan. He was part of the literary revival period and lived during the reigns of two Qajar kings, Mohammad Shah and Naser al-Din Shah. Kafash is known for two surviving works: his Diwan of poetry and Masnavi Zinat-ol-Anjoman, neither of which has been corrected or published to date. The central theme of Zinat-ol-Anjoman revolves around the praise of the Prophet (PBUH) and the infallible Imams, alongside the lamentation of Imam Hussain. The significance of this Masnavi lies in the fact that the poet references narrations that align with reputable religious sources, indicating that he has drawn upon these texts during the composition of his work. Furthermore, this Masnavi holds particular value as it originates from a poet of Isfahan, a city with a rich Shiite heritage that has persisted since the Safavid era. Despite its importance, Zinat-ol-Anjoman is not mentioned in any lists of Persian manuscripts; only Kafash's Diwan is referenced. Notably, one of the two existing copies of Kafash's Diwan—the version held in Golpayegani's library—begins with this Masnavi. This research focused solely on the linguistic features of Kafash's poetry.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This research presented the manuscript version of Masnavi of Zinat-ol-Anjoman through a library and documentary research approach. Initially, the manuscript of the text was corrected followed by the extraction of its linguistic characteristics.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br /><em>Lexical Features</em><br />Kafash's poetry was characterized by simplicity and fluency, avoiding unfamiliar or difficult vocabulary. He employed a language that was accessible to the general public. Overall, his poetic language was free from complexity and ambiguity, lacking philosophical, theological, astronomical, or scientific terms, and showed no signs of innovation.<br /><em>Slang Words and Combinations</em><br />Many of the words and expressions used by Kafash Isfahani reflected everyday language and colloquial speech.<br /><em>Arabic Words</em><br />The influence of Arabic on Persian was evident, with numerous Arabic words having entered the Persian lexicon over centuries. Persian poets have often incorporated Arabic words and expressions into their works. Kafash Isfahani similarly employed Arabic vocabulary, interpretations, and phrases in Zinat-ol-Anjoman. Given the religious themes and content of this Masnavi, many of the terms used were religious in nature, with a significant number being of Arabic origin.<br /><em>Grammatical Features</em><br />In Zinat-ol-Anjoman, the combination of words and adherence to Persian grammar was generally consistent with only a few exceptions primarily due to the need for metrical balance. In this research, some examples were presented to illustrate the grammatical features found in this Masnavi.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Zinat-ol-Anjoman, a Masnavi composed by Mirza Hasan Kafash Isfahani in the 13^th century, is a religious poem centered on the mourning of the Prophet and his family for Imam Hussain and his companions. In this work, Kafash presented various perspectives on the Prophet, Imam Ali, and Imam Hussain, with the epic of Karbala serving as the central theme. While this poem shared thematic elements with earlier and contemporary works—particularly in its references to the Prophet and the infallible Imams, especially Imam Hussain—it distinguished itself through its brevity and conciseness. Stylistically and linguistically, Kafash's poetry was marked by simplicity and fluency, avoiding unfamiliar or difficult vocabulary. He employed a language that was free from complexity and ambiguity and was largely devoid of philosophical, theological, astronomical, or scientific terms. Additionally, Zinat-ol-Anjoman reflected the influence of classical language, with Kafash occasionally adopting stylistic elements reminiscent of past poets. Overall, the Masnavi stood out for its accessible language and poignant thematic focus on mourning and reverence. مثنوی زینت‌الانجمن در بحر متقارب با دوهزار بیت و در مدح و منقبت پیامبر(ص) و ائمة اطهار(ع) است که شامل مرثیة امام حسین(ع) نیز می‌شود. این اثر متعلق به میرزا حسن کفّاش اصفهانی از شاعران دورة بازگشت در قرن سیزدهم است که متأسفانه دربارۀ زندگی وی هیچ منبع مُتقَن و موثقی وجود ندارد. در هیچ‌یک از فهرست‌های نسخ و دست‌نوشته‌های فارسی، نامی از مثنوی زینت‌الانجمن نیست و تنها یکی از دو نسخة موجود دیوان کفّاش (نسخة کتابخانة آیت‌الله گلپایگانی) با این مثنوی آغاز شده است. مقالۀ حاضر با روش توصیفی‌تحلیلی و مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای ابتدا به ویژگی‌های نسخه‌شناسی این اثر پرداخته و آنگاه مختصات زبانی آن را تحلیل کرده است. کفّاش اصفهانی در سرودن این مثنوی به شاهنامة فردوسی نظر داشته است. شعر کفّاش ساده، روان و به دور از واژه‌های نامأنوس و دشوار است. لغات مهجور و ترکیبات عربی در دیوان او اندک است و تعبیرات و عبارات عامیانه، زبان شعر او را به زبان مردم کوچه و بازار نزدیک کرده است. https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_29054_51ab42af4588a7665cb9a734d960cd24.pdf