دانشگاه اصفهان فنون ادبی 20088027 18 3 2026 09 23 The Analysis of Mohsen Pezeshkian’s Poems بررسی انواع هنجارگریزی در اشعار محسن پزشکیان 75 98 30182 10.22108/liar.2025.146781.2516 FA مهدی رستمی استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سلمان فارسی کازرون، کازرون، ایران ریحانه پناهی‌دوست کارشناس ارشد زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سلمان فارسی کازرون، کازرون، ایران Journal Article 2025 09 24 Mohsen Pezeshkian is one of the prominent literary figures and prolific poets of the pre-revolutionary period who remains relatively unknown within the academic community and among students of Persian literature. The present study aims to examine and analyze various types of norm deviation in both the traditional and modern poems of Pezeshkian in order to identify their literariness. The application of Leech’s eightfold types of norm deviation, as well as rule expansion, can be observed in Pezeshkian’s poetry. Among these, semantic deviation is particularly prominent and is realized in diverse ways through the use of various literary devices such as simile and metaphor (both implicit and explicit), as well as personification. Pezeshkian skillfully plays with vocabulary and creates lexical deviations, and these coinages clearly reflect his linguistic competence and poetic creativity. He also employs temporal deviation through the use of archaic vocabulary and ancient syntactic structures. Stylistic deviation is widely evident in his sonnets as well as in his modern poems. By utilizing vocabulary from southern and Kazeruni local dialects, Mohsen Pezeshkian vividly depicts the southern atmosphere. Especially in his sonnets, these local and colloquial expressions appear frequently, to the extent that reading his poems can be challenging for non-native readers. The nature of the South and its palm trees are vividly reflected in his poetry. The thematic content of Pezeshkian’s poems includes social and political concerns, romantic themes, the sorrow of separation from the beloved, and, at times, mystical reflections. He also benefits from phonological and graphological deviations in his poetic language. The research methodology adopted in this study is descriptive–analytical. The study was conducted through close reading and examination of the selected works, systematic note-taking, and the use of written sources such as scholarly articles, theses, and books related to formalist criticism and norm deviation. Keywords: Formalism, Poetry, Norm Deviation, Geoffrey Leech, Mohsen Pezeshkian. Introduction Geoffrey Neil Leach (16 January 1936 – 19 August 2014) was a distinguished English linguist and stylistician. Leach moved beyond traditional approaches in literary criticism by emphasizing the need for systematic and precise analytical tools for examining poetic language. He significantly contributed to the theory of salience and its application within stylistics. His book Language in Literature: Style and Foregrounding not only represents what he describes as a “collection of essays on applied stylistics,” but also offers a detailed explanation of different types of linguistic norms. Understanding these norms is essential for analyzing and describing foregrounding at various linguistic levels. Leach categorizes deviations and proposes a structured framework for classifying different types of deviation and rule expansion. Mohsen Pezeshkian was born on February 27, 1947, in the Gonbad neighborhood of Kazerun, located in Fars Province. He completed his primary and secondary education in Kazerun and Bushehr by 1966. In 1969, he was admitted to the Department of Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran. Until recent years, Pezeshkian was known mainly within his hometown, primarily for a limited number of poems written in the Kazeruni dialect and a few in standard Persian. In addition to poetry, Pezeshkian collected stories, customs, and ancestral traditions of southern Iran. His works include Stories of the People of Kazerun, Stories of Kumaranj and Mamsani, and Traditions and Proverbs of Kazerun. Materials and Methods This research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and relies on library resources as well as academic journal databases. The scope of the study is the collection of poems by Mohsen Pezeshkian. The research procedure involved first extracting all instances of phonetic and lexical deviation from the poet’s works. These cases were then analyzed using a descriptive–analytical method, grounded in structuralist theory and Geoffrey Leech’s eightfold model of deviation, with a focus on the phonetic and lexical layers of Pezeshkian’s lyrical poetry. Research Findings Parallelism, or rule expansion, is not considered a deviation from normative rules but rather the application of additional rules alongside existing norms; therefore, it is inherently distinct from deviation. In the analysis of Mohsen Pezeshkian’s poetry, most types of semantic deviation were identified and examined. Semantic deviation appears in various forms in Pezeshkian’s poems. In some cases, the poet deliberately arranges words in such a way that understanding the poem’s meaning requires specific background knowledge, and the syntactic structure itself contributes to semantic complexity. One notable example is animism. In the poem “Night of Blood” from the second collection, Pezeshkian repeatedly uses the expression “the bullet chirps,” which represents a clear instance of semantic deviation through animism. Other subcategories of semantic deviation, such as vegetalization, fluidization, and abstraction, were also identified and analyzed. In the domain of syntactic deviation, several phenomena were observed, including advancement and delay of sentence elements, inverted adjectival constructions, omission of sentence components, transposition of adverbs, and variation in verbal structures. Phonetic deviation was also evident through processes such as reduction, deletion, addition, lenition, and intensification, each supported by textual examples. Stylistic deviation was examined through selected poems, while other forms—such as lexical, graphological, temporal deviation, and archaism—were analyzed based on Geoffrey Leech’s theoretical framework. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Semantic norm deviation in Pezeshkian’s poetry is realized through techniques such as abstraction, embodiment, animism, anthropomorphism, and vegetal imagery. Lexical norm deviation stands out as a defining feature of his poetic language, reflecting his creativity and innovation through unconventional word formations and profound semantic associations. Syntactic norm deviation manifests in various forms, including the transposition of sentence elements, omission of verbs or their replacement with verbal equivalents, inverted adjectival constructions, deletion of subjects, and displacement of adverbial elements. Phonetic norm deviation is achieved through transformation, intensification, reduction, deletion, addition, and lenition, which collectively enrich the musicality and tonal quality of the poems. Dialectal norm deviation, through the use of local vocabulary and syntactic patterns, distances the poetic language from the standard norm. Stylistic deviation, achieved by blending colloquial speech with formal written language, lends the poems an intimate, dynamic, and vivid quality. Temporal norm deviation, through the use of archaic, mythical, and historical vocabulary and structures, creates a meaningful dialogue between past and present. Finally, graphological deviation—through unconventional word arrangement, spacing, and visual layout—enhances the aesthetic dimension of Pezeshkian’s poetry and contributes to the effective transmission of poetic meaning by engaging the reader visually as well as linguistically. محسن پزشکیان یکی از شاعران پرکار پیش از انقلاب است که در جامعۀ دانشگاهی و بین دانشجویان ادبیات فارسی کمتر شناخته شده است. این پژوهش بر آن است که به‌منظور یافتن ادبیّت شعر این شاعر، انواع هنجارگریزی در سرودههای سنتی و نو ایشان را بررسی و تحلیل کند. کاربرد انواع هنجارگریزی‌های هشت‌گانه و قاعده‌افزایی در اشعار پزشکیان دیده می‌شود. از این میان، هنجارگریزی معنایی به روش‌های مختلف نمود زیادی دارد و با استفاده از صنایع ادبی مختلف مانند تشبیه و استعاره (مکنیّه و مصرّحه) و تشخیص دست به این کار زده است. پزشکیان واژگان را به بازی می‌گیرد و هنجارگریزی واژگانی می‌آفریند که این واژه‌سازی‌ها نشان از توانمندی او دارد. او با کاربرد برخی واژگان و ساخت‌های کهن از هنجارگریزی زمانی استفاده کرده است. هنجارگریزی سبکی نیز بسیار در غزل‌ها و همچنین شعرهای نو او وجود دارد. پزشکیان با استفاده از واژگان گویش محلی جنوب و کازرونی فضای جنوب را به‌خوبی به تصویر کشیده است؛ به‌ویژه در غزل‌هایش این کلمات محلی و سبکی محاوره بیشتر دیده می‌شود و حتی خواندن شعرهایش برای غیربومی‌ها دشوار می‌شود. طبیعت جنوب و نخل‌های آن در شعر او دیده می‌شود. در اشعار پزشکیان محتوا اجتماعی، سیاسی، عاشقانه و غم فراق یار و حتی گاهی عرفانی می‌شود. وی از هنجارگریزی آوایی و نوشتاری نیز بهره برده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است. با مطالعه و بررسی مجموعه‌اشعار شاعر و یادداشت‌برداری و همچنین استفاده از مقالات علمی، پایان‌‎نامه و منابع بخش نقد فرمالیستی و هنجارگریزی اشعار این شاعر براساس دیدگاه زبان‌شناختی هنجارگریزی جفری لیچ بررسی و تحلیل شد.

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