Poetic Attributes in the History of Beyhaghi: A Hidden Masterpiece

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph. D Student of Persian Language and Literature, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Associated Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

The abundant use of poetic attributes is one of the main poetic features of Beyhaghi’s history. Poetic attributes, in addition to being an adjective as a grammatical role, also contains a poetic element including rhetorical elements such as irony, exaggeration, metaphor, synecdoche, etc. thus, leading to an artistic creation. This paper, which is descriptive-analytic and based on library resources, has attempted to examine the poetic elements in Beyhaghi’s History by thoroughly studying Beyhaghi’s history.
The poetic adjective actually plays both a grammatical and an aesthetic role, that is, in addition to its logical and grammatical role; it also has an artistic finesse and delicacy that makes it delightful. For instance, the word ‘man’ is a general term; but when we say a graybeard man or a world seen man, in addition to specifying a man, graybeard and world seen man is a metaphor indicating experience. Beyhaghi’s history contains fascinating and appealing descriptions with a poetic ascription. Beyhaghi has created vivid, dynamic and poetic images by using various descriptions which demonstrates his expertness in poetry.
Beyhaghi has used poetic elements in a variety of situations and positions. It should be noted that each of these elements may contain several rhetorical features; however, the most prominent and tangible feature is considered as the criterion for division. The naming of each of the attributes is based on its practical application and use in Beyhaghi’s history.
Ironical attributes: Ironic poetic elements are those in which a hidden metaphor lies, that is, besides being an adjective it also contains poetic images.
Metaphorical attributes: Such elements are based on simile, in which the writer shows resemblance by using an adjective.
Personification attributes: They are the elements that are associated with implicit metaphor and refers to giving the attributes of a human being to a concept or an object. The poet or writer gives spirit to non-living objects and entities and compares them with human attributes.
Synecdoche attributes: These attributes are closest to the rhetorical elements; and also involves allegorical metaphor and irony.
Sensory attributes: These attributes are derived from the five senses including sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. It is the literary device called synesthesia.
Visual attributes: Generally speaking, attributes help the reader to visualize, and by bringing several adjectives for a noun, readers can visualize different scenes.
Emphatic attributes: The most important characteristic of this attribute is that they are used with emphasis and in fact, Beyhaghi seeks to increase the influence of an attribute.
Adverbial attributes: Another point that is worthy to mention is the poetic adverbial clauses used in Beyhaghi’s work. This group plays the role of an adjective, and sometimes adverb.
A comprehensive study of the book and the high frequency of poetic attributes indicate that Beyhaghi has taken advantage of various attributes to maintain his mission as a moralist historiographer and to adhere to his role as a trusted historian. Beyhaghi uses customary attributes, thereby making his historical accounts attractive rather than fatigue to the reader, making his style unique and one of the popular works in Persian history and literature. Among the rhetorical elements, Beyhaghi has used irony to the largest extent; in addition, other poetic elements such as metaphor, personification, synecdoche, synesthesia, etc. are observed considerably in the book.

Keywords

References

References
- Anvari, Hosein & Ahmadi Givi, Hossein (2011). Persian Grammar 2, 4th ed., Tehran: Fatemi.
- Bagheri, Mehri (1373). History of Persian Language, 1st ed., Tehran: Amir Kabir.
- Bahar, Malekolshara (2009). Stylistics, History of Persian Prose Writing, 3rd ed., Tehran: Zavvar.
- Beihaghi, Abolfazl Mohammad Ibn Hossein (2010). The History of Beyhaghi, 3rd ed., Tehran: Sokhan.
- Diches, David (2000). Methods of Literary Criticism, Mohammad Taghi Sadeghian and Gholamhossein Yousefi (trans.), 5th ed., Tehran: Elmi
- Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1395). Amal-ol Hekam, 1st ed., Tehran: Amirkabir.
- Farrokhi-sistani, Ali bin Joulogh (2013). Editor Ali Abdul Rasouli, 1st ed., Tehran: Sana'i.
- Farshidvard, Khosro (1999). On Literature and Literary Criticism, 2nd vol. 3rd ed., Atehran: Amir Kabir.
- Farshidvard, Khosro (1997). "Literary and Poetic Attributes in Divan-e Hafiz", Ashna Magazine, 7th Year. No. 37, p. 93-107.
- Fotouhi, Mahmoud (2011). Stylistics. Theories. Approaches and Methods, 1st ed., Atehran: Speech.
- Hafiz, Khajeh Shamsuddin Mohammad (2005). Divan Hafiz, 4rth ed., Atehran: Honarvar.
- Homayi, Jalaluddin (2007). Rhetoric and Literary Crafts, 26th ed., Tehran: Homa.
- Hosseinpour Karizi, Ahmad (2016). "Rhetorical Value and Aesthetics of the Attribute", Quarterly Journal of Persian Literature, 2(7), p. 152 - 172.
- Kazzazi, Mirjad al-Din (2014). Expression, Aesthetics of Speech, 11th ed., Tehran: Mad Book, Nashr publishing.
- Meshkuhoddini, Mehdi (2012). Persian Grammar, Vocabulary and Structural Links, 6th ed., Atehran: samt.
- Moein, Mohammad (1992). Persian Culture, 1st vol. 8th ed., Atehran: Amir Kabir.
- Molavi, Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi (1995). Shams Tabrizi Supreme Court, 2nd vol. 1st ed., Atehran: Ferdows.
- Monzavi, Hossein (2010). Collection of Poems, 2nd ed., Atehran: Negah.
- Nouraei, Elias (2012). The Magic of Expression in Rainbow Speech, 2nd ed., Atehran: Yar-e danesh.
- Saadi, Sharaf-al-Din Mosleh bin Abdollah (2010). Koliat-e Saadi, 2nd ed., based on a copy of Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Atehran: Mansha-e danesh.
- Same-e (Gilani), Ahmad (2007). Writing and Editing, 8th ed., Atehran: Samt.
- Servat, Mansour (1364). Dictionary of Irony, 1st ed., Atehran: Amir Kabir.
- Seyed Hosseini, Reza (2012). Literary Schools, 1st vol. 7th ed., Atehran: Negah.
- Shamisa, Cirus (2010). Literary Types, 4th ed., Atehran: Mitra.
- Shamloo, Ahmad (2010). Collection of Works, 9th ed., Atehran: Negah.
- ---------- (2008). Expression, 3rd ed., Atehran: Mitra.
- Soheili, Mehdi (1997). Mosha-ere, 7th ed., Atehran: Sana'i.
- Tajbakhsh, Ahmad (1997). History and historiography, 1st ed., Shiraz: Navid Shiraz.
- Ya-haghi, Mohammad Jafar (2009). The Joyful Moments (Contemporary Persian Literature), 11th ed., Tehran: Jami.
Literary Arts
Volume 11, Issue 3 - Serial Number 28
September 2019
Pages 83-96

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics